The Particle Adventure | How do we know any of this?

Eternal questions The search for the fundamental The atom Is the atom fundamental? Is the nucleus fundamental? Are protons and neutrons
fundamental? The modern atom model The scale of the atom What are we looking for? The standard model The standard model quiz

Quarks and leptons Matter & antimatter What is antimatter? Quarks The naming of quarks Hadrons, baryons and mesons Leptons Lepton decays Lepton type conservation Lepton decay quiz Neutrinos Quiz - What particles are made of

The four interactions How does matter interact? The unseen effect Electromagnetism Residual EM force What about the nucleus? Strong Color charge Quark confinement Quarks emit gluons Residual strong force Weak Electroweak Gravity Interaction summary Quantum mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Fermions and bosons A lot to remember

What is decay? Radioactivity Radioactive particles Confusion about decays A look into the nucleus If it can happen, it will Half life Missing mass Particle decay mediators Virtual particles Different interactions Annhiliations Bubble chamber and decays Neutron beta decays Electron / positron annhiliation Top production

Beyond the standard model The standard model as a theory Three generations What about masses? Grand Unified Theory Forces and the Grand Unified Theory Supersymmetry String theory Extra dimensions Dark Matter

Testing a theory Searching for the atom's structure Rutherford's result Rutherford's analysis How physicists experiment Deflected probe

Detecting the world A better microscope Wavelength - The cave Wavelength - The moral Wavelength and resolution explained The physicists tool: The accelerator Waves and particles The world's meterstick Mass and energy Energy-mass conversion

Accelerators How to obtain particles to accelerate Accelerating particles Accelerating particles: Animation Accelerator design Fixed target experiments Colliding beam experiment A linear or circular accelerator What makes particles go in a circle? Advantages of accelerator design Major accelerators The event Detectors Detector shapes

Modern detectors Typical detector components Measuring charge and momentum Detector cross section Quiz - Particle tracks The computer reconstruction A quark/gluon event The end

Accelerators and particle detectors - How do we know any of this? - How physicists experiment

Rutherford's experiment set the tone for the realm of experimentation in particle physics; in fact, almost all particle physics experiments today use the same basic elements that Rutherford did:

A beam (in this case, the alpha particles)
A target (the gold atoms in the foil)
A detector (the zinc sulfide screen)

In addition, Rutherford established the practice of "seeing" into the sub-atomic realm by using particle beams, and particle physicists today follows his experimental lead by inferring the actual nature of particles and interactions from the frequently counterintuitive results they find.